In recent years, there has been a growing trend in the field of CNS medicine toward disease-modifying therapy (DMT), which directly treat the underlying causes of disease. In the field of epilepsy, the limitations of conventional anti-seizure pharmacotherapy have raised a trend toward DMT aimed at anti-epileptogenicity, and efforts to prevent or modify the onset and progression of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis, post-traumatic epilepsy, and post-stroke epilepsy have been made. In the area of dementia, after longstanding challenges and failures, the recent reports of Aducanumab and Lecanemab may provide an opportunity for significant progress in DMT for Alzheimer's disease. In multiple sclerosis, the advent of various lymphocyte-targeted agents, antibody drugs, as well as interferon beta, has led to remarkable therapeutic advances. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, DMT may also become possible in the future due to advances in iPS cells and other technologies. In psychiatric disorders, the pathophysiology that needs to be corrected must first be clarified, and the glutamate hypothesis and ¹H-MRS findings in treatment-resistant schizophrenia might provide key evidence for that. Beyond the conventional symptomatic treatment, advances in DMT may lead to a cure of neuropsychiatric disorders in the future. In this article, based on a symposium held at the 118th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology, we discuss the current status and potential of DMT in neuropsychiatry.
 Authors' abstract