Developmental disorders or neurodevelopmental disorders in DSM-5 or ICD-11 are diagnosed by cognitive and behavioral characteristics that disturb daily life. Although they have neurobiological backgrounds, they strongly influence psychological development at each life stage and may result in secondary mental disturbances. Indeed, the developmental characteristics of autism spectrum disorders impair the acquisition of basic trust, construction of object relationships, and attachment and bonding, leading to separation anxiety, low self-esteem, identity crisis, and low resilience. On the other hand, the developmental characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders are associated with anxiety and confusion regarding uncontrollable feelings of guilt or loss after interpersonal conflict and low self-esteem. Support for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders should be based on the understanding of these psychological disturbances at each life stage, and include support for disability acceptance, problem-solving in daily life, and self-esteem. In addition, sufficient care should be provided for the psychological or mental distress of caregivers.
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