Background: Burnout is a psychological condition that may occur after being exposed to excessive and prolonged work-related stresses. Previous studies have demonstrated that the rate of burnout among physicians may be higher compared to other occupations; and especially psychiatric trainees would have a higher risk of burnout because of limited clinical experience, the burden of heavy duties and longer work-hours etc. In this study, we report the findings from Japanese data obtained as part of the international study of burnout syndrome among psychiatric trainees (BoSS International).
 Methods: This study was initiated by members of the European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) and the European Psychiatric Association-European Early Career Psychiatrists (EPA-EECP). The total number of participating nations was 22 countries. A national coordinator recruited study collaborators all over Japan and psychiatric trainees working at their medical institutes were invited to participate in BoSS International by e-mail. The subjects were requested to answer the on-line questionnaire anonymously. Consent was obtained when making a list of potential participants at each institute and reconfirmed on the first page of the on-line questionnaire. Answering the questionnaire was deemed to constitute consent.
 Results: Total number of participants to BoSS International was 7,525 from 22 countries and regions. Of them, 1,980 psychiatric trainees fully completed answering the questionnaire (response rate (RR) 26.0%) including 95 Japanese trainees (RR 41.5%). The mean age of 95 Japanese psychiatric trainees(male rate 67.4%) enrolled in BoSS International was 31.8±4.8 year-old. Their mean clinical experience was 2.9±4.4 years. The mean weekly working hours were 72.3±27.1, which was the longest of the 22 participating countries/regions; while weekly clinical supervision by a mentor was only 3.8±9.0 hours. Regarding the severity of burnout, assessed by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) consisting of three factors (emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and low sense of professional efficacy): 41 Japanese psychiatric trainees (42.0%) meet the criteria of severe burnout syndrome in this study; with emotional exhaustion scores of 2.20 and higher, and cynicism of 2.00 and higher. Significant differences were found on the PHQ-9 score and mean length of supervision between those participants with presence and absence of severe burnout syndrome by using Student's t-test.
 Conclusion: Statistical analyses of the whole data (n=1,980) revealed that the risk of burnout was higher for trainees who were younger, without children, and had not opted for psychiatry as a first career choice. Further analyses after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics and country difference still demonstrated severe burnout was associated with long working hours, less supervision, and not having regular rest. The analyses of Japanese data showed similar tendencies, although statistical significance was not observed. Burnout among psychiatry trainees may be linked to drop-out from the training program and malpractice in clinical settings. We should be aware of the higher risk of burnout in residents and the importance of regular and sufficient supervision to prevent burnout.
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