The term "higher brain dysfunction" is used to describe neurobehavioral disability or neuropsychological impairment in Japan. Patients with sphenoidal injury and diffuse axonal injury after traumatic brain injury manifest clinical and neuropsychological symptoms. Following closed head injury, patients exhibit a variety of symptoms. In this paper, the author describes neuropsychological dysfunctions/courses and neuropsychiatric syndromes in 7 representative cases who were characterized by: (1) attention deficit, (2) memory dysfunction, (3-a) perseveration, (3-b) dysexecutive syndrome, (4) disorders of drive and motivation, (5) emotional deficits, and (6) lack of ability to recognize the effects of his/her behavior. There are wide varieties of difficulties in assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation for cognitive impairment and behavioral disability after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatrists are expected to participate in this field in Japan.